OKay.. this is the problem...
a. you are standing 12 feet from a light source 18 feet above the ground. if you are 6 feel tall, what is the lenght of the shadow that you will cast?
b. what will happen to the lenght of your shadow as you walk away from the light source? support your answers...
c. if you walk twice as far away from the light, will your shadow be twice as long?
please i really need help...
Please help me smart people in math!!!!?
I can`t draw a diagram on here, but I hope this will help:
Let the length of the shadow be x feet, so you have two similar right angled triangles, the legs being 18 and (12 + x) and in the other one, 6 and x. So:
6/x = 18/(12 + x) {both are the tangent of the angle of incination of the light at the end of the shadow} So:
6(12 + x) = 18x, so
72 + 6x = 18x, so
72 = 12x, so
x = 6.
Hope this helps, and I`ll let you try the next two parts, Twiggy.
Reply:To solve this problem, picture a right triangle as follows:
The light pole is the vertical leg. Its length is 18 feet.
The hypotenuse is the beam of light touching the top of your head and continuing to the tip of your shadow. We do not need to know its length.
The horizontal leg is the stretch of ground from the base of the light pole to the tip of your shadow. Its length is 12 feet plus the length of your shadow, which we'll call S.
Now, consider a similar triangle (one with the same angles as the first) with the vertical leg being a person (6 feet in length), and the horizontal leg being just the shadow (length S).
Because the angles on these two triangles are the same, the lengths of their sides will be proportionate: Thus the length of each side on the first triangle will be (18/6) = 3 times the length of the corresponding side on the second triangle.
So, 3 times the length of the shadow (the horizontal leg of triangle 2), or 3*S is equal to the length of 12+S (the horizontal leg on triangle 1).
With some simple algebra,
3*S = 12 + S =%26gt;
2*S = 12 =%26gt;
S = 6
we see that S, the length of the shadow, is 6 feet.
In response to part B, the shadow gets longer. Consider if you were 16 feet from the light pole. Then all of our information from before would remain the same, except for the length of the horizontal legs. Apply the same algebra with 16 feet instead of 12 feet, and you get:
3*S = 16 + S =%26gt;
2*S = 16 =%26gt;
S = 8,
so the shadow is now 8 feet long.
The further you move from the light pole, the more this will increase.
Finally, to address part C, if you are twice as far from the light pole, we use the same method, substituting 24 for 12 this time. Hence
3*S = 24 + S =%26gt;
2*S = 24 =%26gt;
S = 12.
Since the shadow is now 12 feet long, the answer is yes.
It's not as easy to explain it, in my opinion, without drawing a picture, but I hope this helps anyway.
Monday, May 24, 2010
I need quick stage make-up remover!?
Hi guys,
Here's the deal I'm in a community theater production of Snowwhite and the Seven Dwarfs and we open next week and go through till October somthing but the problem is that one of the days where we're doing three show, 10:30, 1:00, and 3:00, is also the day of my HOMECOMING DANCE! The shows about three hours long including intermisson so I've execpted the fact that I'm gonna have to mostly get ready at the theater if I want to be home when my date comes to picks me up. Some of my gal pals in the cast said they would do my hair for me but my make up is the problem. I'm the Walking Talking Magic Mirror so I'm gonna have lot's of heavy goffy make up that I'm gonna need to take of right after curtin call so I can put on my dance make up. Dose anyone know somthing that is
a) a portable make up remove (like wipes in a contaner)
b) can do a through but fast job on heavy make up
c) is gentle enough to use on someone with sensitive skin!
Thank You
I need quick stage make-up remover!?
Neutrogena makes a pre-moistened makeup removing wipes (can't remember the exact name). You can find them in any drug store, in with the facial care products. I have used them to remove stage and opera makeup. I have never had any problems with them. They are fast and work well.
Reply:Albolene.
Albolene.
Albolene.
You cannot find a better Theatrical Makeup remover.
One Caveat: after you wipe it off use an Astringent such as Witch Hazel, otherwise it will give your face a rather oily sheen that can take hours to wipe off.
Or maybe it is just my face.
In any case: Alboline. You can find it at Walgreens or Sav-On or your nearest drugstore in the skincare aisle. It is a white jar with a blue lid.
Reply:Baby wipes. I kid you not.
Reply:unfortunetely you will need some water and some sort of sponge, but Noxema works really well. I have used in between scenes when i change charaters and I have only 2 minutes to remove and reapply my makeup... so that is my suggestion. Good Luck and have fun at homecoming!
Reply:See if you can find Abalone Cream, it is an excellent makeup remover. Or use cold cream, then cleanse with sensitive skin Sea Breeze. Lots of luck, Doc
Reply:Neutragena has some really good products. Maybe you caould ask your date to pick you up from the theatre. That way you have more time.
Reply:A jar of coconut oil - the kind that's hardened. A little goes a long ways and it's the quickest ever, cheapest, and will last you forever.
Reply:Ben Nye makes some time of remover. I think you can get anywhere Ben Nye stuff is sold. It's like in a 4oz bottle but a little goes a long way, but works really well. It's kinda expensive but worth it, just put it on a cotton make-up pad and wipe away.
p.s. if you don't know a place that sells it then ask one of your directors one of them should know where to get some. Break a leg!
petal
Here's the deal I'm in a community theater production of Snowwhite and the Seven Dwarfs and we open next week and go through till October somthing but the problem is that one of the days where we're doing three show, 10:30, 1:00, and 3:00, is also the day of my HOMECOMING DANCE! The shows about three hours long including intermisson so I've execpted the fact that I'm gonna have to mostly get ready at the theater if I want to be home when my date comes to picks me up. Some of my gal pals in the cast said they would do my hair for me but my make up is the problem. I'm the Walking Talking Magic Mirror so I'm gonna have lot's of heavy goffy make up that I'm gonna need to take of right after curtin call so I can put on my dance make up. Dose anyone know somthing that is
a) a portable make up remove (like wipes in a contaner)
b) can do a through but fast job on heavy make up
c) is gentle enough to use on someone with sensitive skin!
Thank You
I need quick stage make-up remover!?
Neutrogena makes a pre-moistened makeup removing wipes (can't remember the exact name). You can find them in any drug store, in with the facial care products. I have used them to remove stage and opera makeup. I have never had any problems with them. They are fast and work well.
Reply:Albolene.
Albolene.
Albolene.
You cannot find a better Theatrical Makeup remover.
One Caveat: after you wipe it off use an Astringent such as Witch Hazel, otherwise it will give your face a rather oily sheen that can take hours to wipe off.
Or maybe it is just my face.
In any case: Alboline. You can find it at Walgreens or Sav-On or your nearest drugstore in the skincare aisle. It is a white jar with a blue lid.
Reply:Baby wipes. I kid you not.
Reply:unfortunetely you will need some water and some sort of sponge, but Noxema works really well. I have used in between scenes when i change charaters and I have only 2 minutes to remove and reapply my makeup... so that is my suggestion. Good Luck and have fun at homecoming!
Reply:See if you can find Abalone Cream, it is an excellent makeup remover. Or use cold cream, then cleanse with sensitive skin Sea Breeze. Lots of luck, Doc
Reply:Neutragena has some really good products. Maybe you caould ask your date to pick you up from the theatre. That way you have more time.
Reply:A jar of coconut oil - the kind that's hardened. A little goes a long ways and it's the quickest ever, cheapest, and will last you forever.
Reply:Ben Nye makes some time of remover. I think you can get anywhere Ben Nye stuff is sold. It's like in a 4oz bottle but a little goes a long way, but works really well. It's kinda expensive but worth it, just put it on a cotton make-up pad and wipe away.
p.s. if you don't know a place that sells it then ask one of your directors one of them should know where to get some. Break a leg!
petal
Who is to blame?
Katrina kills a lot of people, displaces a lot more, and people have cast their blames in various directions. Who is to blame?
a) George Bush Jr; the President didn't act properly, didn't take it seriously, didn't send enough resources to the region or?
b) State Officials; didn't have or get the resources to the people, didn't communicate with the federal or local government and let everyone down?
c) Local officials; Mayor, Police Chief and others in the region didn't get people evacuated, didn't tell people to evacuate in time, didn't get federal officials involved in time?
d) The people; they didn't evacuate when told, didn't have ample supplies, didn't have ample transportation and suffered the worst?
My only remaining comment is in all the news stories and editorials last year about Katrina - I saw no one blaming the people? I choose "D" because I believe we are responsible for ourselves; but what do you choose?
Who is to blame?
C and D
Did you see all the buses just floating there?
and D because I think they knew there was going to be looting so why not wait for all the gun owners to flee...then go in and get their stuff
Reply:Yes Bush and his HUGE HURRICANE GENARATIN' MACHINE
And those idiots STILL voted for Nagin. Report It
Reply:a) George Bush Jr; the President didn't act properly, didn't take it seriously, didn't send enough resources to the region or?
b) State Officials; didn't have or get the resources to the people, didn't communicate with the federal or local government and let everyone down?
State Officials knew how much it would cost and didn't presure the Federal Government for aid. G.W.B. also was informed as early as 2000 and did nothing to help
Reply:Its a little bit of all... but mainly D.
People knew that it was going to hit but did not leave. The reason that the news pinned the blame on A-C is because, as everyone knows, the media is a business. They will only report on what people want to hear and gear it to make it more interesting. If they had blamed the people that didn't leave, people would not have felt bad, therefore they would stop watching news and reading papers about it.... lowering the advertising profits for the news and media outlets.
By portraying the victims as helpless people abandoned by their government, they received much more sympathy and much more media attention (meaning people wanting to watch more news about it.)
It is the same reason that the news inflates stories such as bird flu, terrorist plots, and big storms (such as snow) that never actually hit.
I am not saying that these people were not victims and many of them had no choice.. but in many cases it was their own fault for not leaving when they had the opportunity.
Reply:that is an interesting question
I can not lay blame on any one person or organization but I do agree that people need to take more responsibility for their own life. People always look for somebody else to blame when they should suck it up and realize that they need to take responsibility for their choices.
Reply:I seriously disagree with your reason. Your choice would have been correct if EVERYONE possessed the same resources. The majority of the individuals that were able to evacuate had the resources (money, property, etc.) to do so.
However, our President took an oath to protect all of us. To protect the rich (which he does very well), to protect the middle class, and to protect the poor. His performance concerning the last two groups is ridiculously low. I'm sure you have heard, "that with great power, comes great responsibility." It is the responsibility of our president to ensure our safety through proactive or reactive action.
If (D) is correct, you could be beaten and robbed by an individual, and it is your responsibility to correct the situation, not the police office that witnessed the crime.
Reply:"If people really wanted to get out of there, they would have found a way" Wow Bob T, that is dynamic and inspirational. Man, you're singing the praises of the human spirit. If you could walk fifty miles to get out of such destruction, death, and sadness, I guess anyone could. I guess if you would have had kids, you would have put them on your back. If you would have had elderly parents, you would stack them on top of the kids. Your indomitable spirit and ex-cheerleader skills,would have made the fifty miles a simple "walk on the beach". Since life is just a simple exercise in mind over matter, you must be rich with your mental cure for cancer. Unfortunately Bob, all of us aren't supermen. All of us can't just will ourselves to ignore the horrors that were wittnessed in New Olreans. Especially, when help was expected, and loved ones were missing. Though this may sound moronic, the rest of us (on this planet) are just mere mortals. We can't summon our super powers at the drop of a dime.
Reply:C and D
the order is arguable
futeach is a moron
if people really wanted to get out of there
they would have found a way
**** i would have walked 50 miles myself to get the **** out of there
Reply:same I choose D because they should o been ready like savin
extra food long befor the happening. even when they know that its
very likely they have a hurrican they still were not ready!! Thats
there fault!!! Then the government takes money out of our pay-
checks to give to them!!!!!!!!!!!
Reply:Answer lies in all 4
Reply:all the above will be blaming themselves in some way. If only we did.
well they didn't so now is the time to start thinking about helping these people get their lives and homes back. gee Tommygirl if it was you would you be moaning about your pay what has happen to unity in your country?
Reply:Why does there have to be someone to blame? I thought it was just a big storm.
Should we start blaming people for random acts of nature. What about shark attacks? Lets blame Donald Trump for Sharks. Why not he's rich and has silly hair.
a) George Bush Jr; the President didn't act properly, didn't take it seriously, didn't send enough resources to the region or?
b) State Officials; didn't have or get the resources to the people, didn't communicate with the federal or local government and let everyone down?
c) Local officials; Mayor, Police Chief and others in the region didn't get people evacuated, didn't tell people to evacuate in time, didn't get federal officials involved in time?
d) The people; they didn't evacuate when told, didn't have ample supplies, didn't have ample transportation and suffered the worst?
My only remaining comment is in all the news stories and editorials last year about Katrina - I saw no one blaming the people? I choose "D" because I believe we are responsible for ourselves; but what do you choose?
Who is to blame?
C and D
Did you see all the buses just floating there?
and D because I think they knew there was going to be looting so why not wait for all the gun owners to flee...then go in and get their stuff
Reply:Yes Bush and his HUGE HURRICANE GENARATIN' MACHINE
And those idiots STILL voted for Nagin. Report It
Reply:a) George Bush Jr; the President didn't act properly, didn't take it seriously, didn't send enough resources to the region or?
b) State Officials; didn't have or get the resources to the people, didn't communicate with the federal or local government and let everyone down?
State Officials knew how much it would cost and didn't presure the Federal Government for aid. G.W.B. also was informed as early as 2000 and did nothing to help
Reply:Its a little bit of all... but mainly D.
People knew that it was going to hit but did not leave. The reason that the news pinned the blame on A-C is because, as everyone knows, the media is a business. They will only report on what people want to hear and gear it to make it more interesting. If they had blamed the people that didn't leave, people would not have felt bad, therefore they would stop watching news and reading papers about it.... lowering the advertising profits for the news and media outlets.
By portraying the victims as helpless people abandoned by their government, they received much more sympathy and much more media attention (meaning people wanting to watch more news about it.)
It is the same reason that the news inflates stories such as bird flu, terrorist plots, and big storms (such as snow) that never actually hit.
I am not saying that these people were not victims and many of them had no choice.. but in many cases it was their own fault for not leaving when they had the opportunity.
Reply:that is an interesting question
I can not lay blame on any one person or organization but I do agree that people need to take more responsibility for their own life. People always look for somebody else to blame when they should suck it up and realize that they need to take responsibility for their choices.
Reply:I seriously disagree with your reason. Your choice would have been correct if EVERYONE possessed the same resources. The majority of the individuals that were able to evacuate had the resources (money, property, etc.) to do so.
However, our President took an oath to protect all of us. To protect the rich (which he does very well), to protect the middle class, and to protect the poor. His performance concerning the last two groups is ridiculously low. I'm sure you have heard, "that with great power, comes great responsibility." It is the responsibility of our president to ensure our safety through proactive or reactive action.
If (D) is correct, you could be beaten and robbed by an individual, and it is your responsibility to correct the situation, not the police office that witnessed the crime.
Reply:"If people really wanted to get out of there, they would have found a way" Wow Bob T, that is dynamic and inspirational. Man, you're singing the praises of the human spirit. If you could walk fifty miles to get out of such destruction, death, and sadness, I guess anyone could. I guess if you would have had kids, you would have put them on your back. If you would have had elderly parents, you would stack them on top of the kids. Your indomitable spirit and ex-cheerleader skills,would have made the fifty miles a simple "walk on the beach". Since life is just a simple exercise in mind over matter, you must be rich with your mental cure for cancer. Unfortunately Bob, all of us aren't supermen. All of us can't just will ourselves to ignore the horrors that were wittnessed in New Olreans. Especially, when help was expected, and loved ones were missing. Though this may sound moronic, the rest of us (on this planet) are just mere mortals. We can't summon our super powers at the drop of a dime.
Reply:C and D
the order is arguable
futeach is a moron
if people really wanted to get out of there
they would have found a way
**** i would have walked 50 miles myself to get the **** out of there
Reply:same I choose D because they should o been ready like savin
extra food long befor the happening. even when they know that its
very likely they have a hurrican they still were not ready!! Thats
there fault!!! Then the government takes money out of our pay-
checks to give to them!!!!!!!!!!!
Reply:Answer lies in all 4
Reply:all the above will be blaming themselves in some way. If only we did.
well they didn't so now is the time to start thinking about helping these people get their lives and homes back. gee Tommygirl if it was you would you be moaning about your pay what has happen to unity in your country?
Reply:Why does there have to be someone to blame? I thought it was just a big storm.
Should we start blaming people for random acts of nature. What about shark attacks? Lets blame Donald Trump for Sharks. Why not he's rich and has silly hair.
More on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were American Communists who received international attention when they were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet Union.
In the 1990s, Soviet communications decrypted in the VENONA project were released which supported the general allegations of espionage by Julius, though not supporting the specific charges on which the Rosenbergs were convicted. Also supporting the conviction were Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's posthumously published memoirs.
Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Trial and conviction
3 Execution
4 Posthumous revelations
5 Controversy
6 The Rosenbergs' children
7 Notes
8 See also
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit] Background
Julius Rosenberg was born to a Jewish family on May 12, 1918 in New York City. He became a leader in the Young Communist League where, in 1936, he met Ethel, whom he married three years later. He graduated from the City College of New York with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the Army Signal Corps, where he worked on radar equipment.
Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, in New York City, also to a Jewish family. She was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she first met Julius. The Rosenbergs had two sons.
According to his former KGB handler, Alexander Feklisov, Julius Rosenberg was originally recruited by the KGB on Labor Day 1942, by former KGB spymaster Semyon Semyonov.[1] Julius had been introduced to Semenov by Bernard Schuster, a high ranking member of the Communist Party USA as well as Earl Browder's personal KGB liaison. After Semenov was recalled to Moscow in 1944, his duties were taken over by his apprentice, Alexander Feklisov.[1]
According to Feklisov, Julius was his most dedicated and valuable asset, providing thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio including a complete proximity fuze, the same design that was used to shoot down Francis Gary Powers's U-2 in 1960. Under Feklisov administration, Julius Rosenberg is said to have recruited sympathetic individuals to the KGB’s service, including Joel Barr, Al Sarant, William Perl and Morton Sobell. [2]
According to Feklisov's account, he was supplied by Perl, under Julius Rosenberg’s direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics including a complete set of design and production drawings for the Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star. Feklisov says he learned through Julius that his brother-in-law David Greenglass was working on the top secret Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, and used Julius to recruit him.[1]
During World War II, the USSR and the US became allies in war, but the US government was highly suspicious of Joseph Stalin's intentions. As such, the Americans did not share information or seek assistance from the Soviet Union for the Manhattan Project. However, the Soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the US government and had made a number of attempts to infiltrate its operations at the University of California, Berkeley. A number of project members—some high-profile, others lower in rank — did voluntarily give secret information to Soviet agents, many because they were sympathetic to communism[citation needed] (or the Soviet Union's role in the war) and did not feel that the US should have a monopoly on atomic weapons [3]
After the war, the US continued to resist efforts to share nuclear secrets, but the Soviet Union was able to produce its own atomic weapons by 1949. Its first nuclear test, "Joe 1", shocked the West in the speed it was produced. It was then discovered in January 1950 that Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Russians throughout the war. Through Fuchs' confession, US and UK intelligence agents were able to make a case against his "courier", Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. A former machinist at the top-secret Los Alamos laboratory, Sgt. David Greenglass, confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold as well. He testified that his sister, Ethel Rosenberg, and her husband, Julius, had also passed secrets. Another accused conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled to Mexico City, but was later deported back to the United States for trial.
[edit] Trial and conviction
Police photograph of Julius Rosenberg after his arrest.
Mugshot of Ethel Rosenberg.The case against the Rosenbergs and Sobell began on March 6, 1951. The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, stated that his sister Ethel typed notes containing US nuclear secrets in the Rosenberg apartment in September 1945. He also asserted that a sketch he made of a cross section of the implosion-type atom bomb (the one dropped on Nagasaki as opposed to the "gun method" triggering device that was in the one dropped on Hiroshima) was also turned over to Julius Rosenberg at that meeting.
From the beginning, the trial attracted a high amount of media attention, and like the trial of Alger Hiss, generated a largely polarized response from observers, some of whom believed the Rosenbergs to be clearly guilty, and others who asserted their innocence.
Although the notes typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was relevant to the Soviet atomic bomb project, this was sufficient evidence for the grand jury to indict Ethel and enough for the jury to convict on the conspiracy to commit espionage charge.
It is believed that part of the reason Ethel was indicted along with Julius was so that the prosecution could use her as a 'lever' to pressure Julius into giving up the names of others who were involved. [4] If that was the case, it did not work. On the witness stand, Julius asserted his right under the Fifth Amendment to not incriminate himself whenever asked about his involvement in the Communist Party or with its members. Ethel did similarly. Neither defendant was viewed sympathetically by the jury.
The role played by Assistant United States Attorney Roy Cohn, the prosecutor in the case, is controversial, since Cohn stated in his autobiography that he influenced the selection of the judge, and pushed him to impose the death penalty on both Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
The Rosenbergs were convicted on March 29, 1951, and on April 5 were sentenced to death by Judge Irving Kaufman under section 2 of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S. Code 32 (now 18 U.S. Code 794), which prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government information "relating to the national defense." The conviction helped to fuel Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigations into anti-American activities by US citizens. While their devotion to the Communist cause was well documented, the Rosenbergs denied the espionage charges even as they faced the electric chair.
The couple were the only two American civilians to be executed for espionage-related activity during the Cold War. In imposing the death penalty, Judge Kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the Korean War:
“ I consider your crime worse than murder...I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-Bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country. No one can say that we do not live in a constant state of tension. We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day for the civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed at preparing us for an atom bomb attack.[5] ”
Their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the United States ever since, with supporters steadfastly maintaining that their conviction was an egregious example of persecution typical of the "hysteria" of those times (see McCarthyism) and likening it to the witch hunts that marred Salem and medieval Europe (a comparison that provided the inspiration for Arthur Miller's critically acclaimed play, The Crucible).
At the time, some Americans believed both Rosenbergs were innocent or received too harsh a punishment, and a grass-roots campaign was started to try to stop the couple's execution. Other Americans felt that the couple got what they deserved. Pope Pius XII appealed to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to spare the couple, but he refused on February 11, 1953, and all other appeals were also unsuccessful.[1]
[edit] Execution
The couple were executed at sundown in the electric chair at Sing Sing in Westchester County, New York, on June 19, 1953(Delayed because of the Rosenbergs appeal to the Court of Appeals, Second Circuit). (Originally scheduled for later in the evening after the start of the Jewish Sabbath, their lawyer, Manny Block, filed a complaint that this offended their Jewish heritage -- so the execution was scheduled before sunset.) Reports of the execution state that Julius died after the first application of electricity, but Ethel did not succumb immediately and was subjected to two more electrical charges before being pronounced dead. The chair was designed for a man of average size; and Ethel Rosenberg was a petite woman: this discrepancy resulted, it is claimed, in the electrodes fitting poorly and making poor electrical contact. Eyewitness testimony (as given by a newsreel report featured in The Atomic Cafe) describes smoke rising from her head.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are interred at Wellwood Cemetery in Pinelawn (Suffolk County), New York.
[edit] Posthumous revelations
In 1995, the National Security Agency publicly released documents from the VENONA project, an effort to decrypt intercepted communications between Soviet agents and the NKVD/KGB. A 1944 cable from New York to Moscow clearly indicates that Julius Rosenberg was engaged in espionage for the Soviet Union, though the importance of his effort is not clear, particularly considering that the Soviets were receiving information on the Atomic bomb from Klaus Fuchs, Donald Maclean and Theodore Hall. Ethel's involvement is not clear from the VENONA transcripts. A document from November 27, 1944 [2] specifically about Ethel lists her as a "fellowcountryman" and claims that she was aware of Julius' work. Ethel was apparently never assigned a code name — the only reference to her states she "does not work." Julius was always referred to as "ANTENNA" or "LIBERAL" — which has cast doubt onto his significance and involvement. In his memoirs, published posthumously in 1990, Nikita Khrushchev praised the pair for their "very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb." Whether this was in fact the case, however, has been disputed [6]
Faced with the VENONA transcripts and periodic revelations from former Soviet intelligence officials and archives, most critiques of the Rosenbergs' prosecution today centers on the usefulness of classified nuclear information provided by the Rosenbergs to the Soviet Union, the severity of their punishment, and the fact that not all Soviet spies were caught, and not all who were caught were prosecuted by the U.S. government. David Greenglass claimed that the atom bomb information believed to be given to the Soviets by Greenglass was quite poor in comparison to the information given by Fuchs, who had a much more intimate understanding of the research being done (revealed by records of Fuchs' detailed transmissions in selective releases from Soviet archives). There was also significant information provided independently of Fuchs by the young scientist Theodore Alvin Hall, as well as a number of other agents, the identities of whom have not yet been fully established.
Fuchs's data were the most valuable of all the Soviet atomic spies, giving a range of specific information on everything from nuclear physics details, production of the plants for uranium enrichment, and the exact values for the bomb design itself.[7] However, it was standard Soviet intelligence policy to use several intelligence sources if at all possible, as any information the Rosenbergs provided could serve as a control to check the accuracy of other intelligence.[1]
David Greenglass was spared execution in exchange for his testimony. More importantly, his wife, who according to the Venona decrypts was given a code name, was never even indicted. He spent 10 years in prison and was released in 1960, and has lived under an assumed name since his release. Decades later, in late 2001, Greenglass recanted and claimed that he had committed perjury when he testified about the typing activity of his sister Ethel. Greenglass said he chose to falsely testify against his sister in order to protect his wife and children.
[edit] Controversy
The Rosenberg case has always been a controversial issue, with opinion dividing along ideological lines. There are a number of points of contention which still hold, even after the VENONA revelations.
Ethel Rosenberg’s Involvement: While the preponderance of evidence indicates that Julius was involved in Soviet espionage, the record is unclear for Ethel. The VENONA transcripts are ambiguous as to Ethel's involvement, and her brother, David Greenglass, a key prosecution witness, later told his biographer Sam Roberts that he had perjured himself to lessen his own sentence and to help his wife avoid jail time. [3]
The Trial: There are many experts who have alleged that the political air of the time, and the seemingly pre-trial held beliefs by Judge Kaufman made it nearly impossible for the Rosenbergs to have had a fair trial by an impartial jury. The Rosenberg lawyer, Emanuel Bloch, also made a number of massive legal blunders (such as moving to impound Exhibit 8--a Greenglass sketch purporting to show a cross section of the implosion-type atom bomb, thereby in effect acquiescing in the prosecution's charge that the sketch was in fact the "secret of the atom bomb" and also not cross-examining Harry Gold, who in later trials was found to be highly unreliable) suggesting either his incompetence or inability to cope with such a high-profile trial. Also, prosecutor Roy Cohn influenced the choice of Kaufman as judge.
The Sentence: The imposition of the death sentence upon the Rosenbergs has been the most controversial aspect of the case, as they were sentenced far more harshly than any other "atomic spies." Klaus Fuchs, who spied for many more years than the Rosenbergs, provided far more sensitive nuclear information to the Soviet Union, and was caught, confessed, tried, convicted, and sentenced in the United Kingdom, received 14 years in jail, which was the maximum penalty in that nation for passing military secrets to friendly nations. In 1950 the Rosenbergs' conspiracy charge was prosecuted in the United States in the context of the Cold War and the concurrent Korean War, with Judge Kaufman placing culpability on the couple for the Korean War. It is not clear that the prosecution proved that the Rosenbergs' activities had caused the Korean War, even if they had given the Soviet Union the secret of the atomic bomb.
[edit] The Rosenbergs' children
The Rosenbergs' two sons, Robert and Michael, were orphaned by the execution, and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse. They were finally adopted by the songwriter Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne. Abel Meeropol (under the pen name of Lewis Allan) wrote the classic anti-lynching anthem "Strange Fruit," made famous by singer Billie Holiday. He also co-wrote (with Earl Robinson) "The House I Live In", made famous in a short film starring Frank Sinatra to promote the war effort under a theme of tolerance for all types of Americans. (This song has a line referring to "My neighbors white and black" which was omitted from the film and Frank Sinatra's recorded versions. In the film all the characters, even the members of Sinatra's band are white.) Robert and Michael co-wrote a book about the experience, We are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975), and Robert wrote another book in 2004, An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey. In 1990, Robert founded the Rosenberg Fund for Children, a non-profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are Leftist activists involved in court cases.
Michael's daughter, Ivy Meeropol, directed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival.
[edit] Notes
^ a b c d Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostin, Sergei (2001). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs. Enigma books. ISBN 1-929631-08-1.
^ Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostin, Sergei (2001). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs. Enigma books, 140-147. ISBN 1-929631-08-1.
^ See Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstell, Bombshell, Times Books, 1997 (ISBN 0-8129-2861-X) with reference to Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax and their motives.
^ Roberts, Sam (2001). The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberge Case. Random House, 425-426,432. ISBN 0-375-76124-1.
^ Judge Kaufman's Statement Upon Sentencing the Rosenbergs on the site of the University of Kansas City-Missouri School of Law. Accessed 28 September 2006.
^ "KGB agent says Rosenbergs were executed unjustly", 1997-03-06. Retrieved on 2006-09-25.
^ The content and value of Fuchs's data for the Soviet program is discussed thoroughly in David Holloway's, Stalin and the bomb : the Soviet Union and atomic energy, 1939- 1956 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). Holloway based his assessment of the value of Fuchs's data in particular from the intelligence transcripts and the reactions of key Soviet personnel—especially Igor Kurchatov—to Fuchs' data. The exact use of espionage information by the Soviets was somewhat complicated, due to mutual distrust of the espionage data and the Soviet scientists themselves by Stalin and Beria: see Soviet atomic bomb project for more information.
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Rosenberg trialSoviet atomic bomb project
Lee Harvey Oswald; the Rosenbergs' case is thought to have spurred his interest in Marxism [4]
Atom Spies
Cultural references to the Rosenbergs
[edit] Further reading
Feklisov, Aleksandr, and Kostin, Sergei, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs, Enigma Books (2001)
Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth, Henry Holt (1983), hardcover, ISBN 0-03-049036-7
Robert and Michael Meeropol, "We Are Your Sons, The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenber," Second Edition, University of Illinois Press, 1986. [chapter 15 is a detailed refutation of Radosh and Milton's scholarship], hardcover ISBN 0-252-01263-1
Robert Meeropol, "An Execution in the Family," St. Martin's Press, 2003.
Tema Nason, Ethel: The Fictional Autobiography of Ethel Rosenberg (originally published by Delacourt, 1990, ISBN 0-440-21110-7, paperback by Dell, 1991, same ISBN, and by Syracuse, 2002, ISBN 0-8156-0745-8), a fictional account of Ethel's life and intuitively included things that came out in later accounts.
[edit] External links
Photo of Ethel Rosenberg's grave
Photo of Julius Rosenberg's grave
Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial.
Ethel's brother says he trumped up evidence.
Project Venona messages.
Rosenberg FBI files (summary only)
Heir to an Execution — An HBO documentary by Ivy Meeropol, the granddaugther of Ethel and Julius.
A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration
An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption
Mujeres Riot: Ethel Rosenberg (in Spanish, includes numerous photos)
National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case
Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_and...
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Soviet spies | Cold War spies | History of anti-communism in the United States | Nuclear secrecy | McCarthyism | Venona Appendix A | American criminals | Disputed convictions leading to execution | Sing Sing prison | City University of New York people | Jewish American history | Married couples | People executed by electric chair | Executed spies | 1915 births | 1918 births | 1953 deaths | People from New York City | People executed in the US
More on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
Gosh, got any more on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
Reply:And your question is?
They betrayed their country, proved. They gave away secrets, proved. They committed treason, proved. They were executed as traitors. So what is the problem?
Reply:It appears that you have all that you need to know.
Reply:A sphincter says, "What?"
In the 1990s, Soviet communications decrypted in the VENONA project were released which supported the general allegations of espionage by Julius, though not supporting the specific charges on which the Rosenbergs were convicted. Also supporting the conviction were Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's posthumously published memoirs.
Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Trial and conviction
3 Execution
4 Posthumous revelations
5 Controversy
6 The Rosenbergs' children
7 Notes
8 See also
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit] Background
Julius Rosenberg was born to a Jewish family on May 12, 1918 in New York City. He became a leader in the Young Communist League where, in 1936, he met Ethel, whom he married three years later. He graduated from the City College of New York with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the Army Signal Corps, where he worked on radar equipment.
Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, in New York City, also to a Jewish family. She was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she first met Julius. The Rosenbergs had two sons.
According to his former KGB handler, Alexander Feklisov, Julius Rosenberg was originally recruited by the KGB on Labor Day 1942, by former KGB spymaster Semyon Semyonov.[1] Julius had been introduced to Semenov by Bernard Schuster, a high ranking member of the Communist Party USA as well as Earl Browder's personal KGB liaison. After Semenov was recalled to Moscow in 1944, his duties were taken over by his apprentice, Alexander Feklisov.[1]
According to Feklisov, Julius was his most dedicated and valuable asset, providing thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio including a complete proximity fuze, the same design that was used to shoot down Francis Gary Powers's U-2 in 1960. Under Feklisov administration, Julius Rosenberg is said to have recruited sympathetic individuals to the KGB’s service, including Joel Barr, Al Sarant, William Perl and Morton Sobell. [2]
According to Feklisov's account, he was supplied by Perl, under Julius Rosenberg’s direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics including a complete set of design and production drawings for the Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star. Feklisov says he learned through Julius that his brother-in-law David Greenglass was working on the top secret Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, and used Julius to recruit him.[1]
During World War II, the USSR and the US became allies in war, but the US government was highly suspicious of Joseph Stalin's intentions. As such, the Americans did not share information or seek assistance from the Soviet Union for the Manhattan Project. However, the Soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the US government and had made a number of attempts to infiltrate its operations at the University of California, Berkeley. A number of project members—some high-profile, others lower in rank — did voluntarily give secret information to Soviet agents, many because they were sympathetic to communism[citation needed] (or the Soviet Union's role in the war) and did not feel that the US should have a monopoly on atomic weapons [3]
After the war, the US continued to resist efforts to share nuclear secrets, but the Soviet Union was able to produce its own atomic weapons by 1949. Its first nuclear test, "Joe 1", shocked the West in the speed it was produced. It was then discovered in January 1950 that Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Russians throughout the war. Through Fuchs' confession, US and UK intelligence agents were able to make a case against his "courier", Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. A former machinist at the top-secret Los Alamos laboratory, Sgt. David Greenglass, confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold as well. He testified that his sister, Ethel Rosenberg, and her husband, Julius, had also passed secrets. Another accused conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled to Mexico City, but was later deported back to the United States for trial.
[edit] Trial and conviction
Police photograph of Julius Rosenberg after his arrest.
Mugshot of Ethel Rosenberg.The case against the Rosenbergs and Sobell began on March 6, 1951. The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, stated that his sister Ethel typed notes containing US nuclear secrets in the Rosenberg apartment in September 1945. He also asserted that a sketch he made of a cross section of the implosion-type atom bomb (the one dropped on Nagasaki as opposed to the "gun method" triggering device that was in the one dropped on Hiroshima) was also turned over to Julius Rosenberg at that meeting.
From the beginning, the trial attracted a high amount of media attention, and like the trial of Alger Hiss, generated a largely polarized response from observers, some of whom believed the Rosenbergs to be clearly guilty, and others who asserted their innocence.
Although the notes typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was relevant to the Soviet atomic bomb project, this was sufficient evidence for the grand jury to indict Ethel and enough for the jury to convict on the conspiracy to commit espionage charge.
It is believed that part of the reason Ethel was indicted along with Julius was so that the prosecution could use her as a 'lever' to pressure Julius into giving up the names of others who were involved. [4] If that was the case, it did not work. On the witness stand, Julius asserted his right under the Fifth Amendment to not incriminate himself whenever asked about his involvement in the Communist Party or with its members. Ethel did similarly. Neither defendant was viewed sympathetically by the jury.
The role played by Assistant United States Attorney Roy Cohn, the prosecutor in the case, is controversial, since Cohn stated in his autobiography that he influenced the selection of the judge, and pushed him to impose the death penalty on both Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
The Rosenbergs were convicted on March 29, 1951, and on April 5 were sentenced to death by Judge Irving Kaufman under section 2 of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S. Code 32 (now 18 U.S. Code 794), which prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government information "relating to the national defense." The conviction helped to fuel Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigations into anti-American activities by US citizens. While their devotion to the Communist cause was well documented, the Rosenbergs denied the espionage charges even as they faced the electric chair.
The couple were the only two American civilians to be executed for espionage-related activity during the Cold War. In imposing the death penalty, Judge Kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the Korean War:
“ I consider your crime worse than murder...I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-Bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country. No one can say that we do not live in a constant state of tension. We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day for the civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed at preparing us for an atom bomb attack.[5] ”
Their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the United States ever since, with supporters steadfastly maintaining that their conviction was an egregious example of persecution typical of the "hysteria" of those times (see McCarthyism) and likening it to the witch hunts that marred Salem and medieval Europe (a comparison that provided the inspiration for Arthur Miller's critically acclaimed play, The Crucible).
At the time, some Americans believed both Rosenbergs were innocent or received too harsh a punishment, and a grass-roots campaign was started to try to stop the couple's execution. Other Americans felt that the couple got what they deserved. Pope Pius XII appealed to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to spare the couple, but he refused on February 11, 1953, and all other appeals were also unsuccessful.[1]
[edit] Execution
The couple were executed at sundown in the electric chair at Sing Sing in Westchester County, New York, on June 19, 1953(Delayed because of the Rosenbergs appeal to the Court of Appeals, Second Circuit). (Originally scheduled for later in the evening after the start of the Jewish Sabbath, their lawyer, Manny Block, filed a complaint that this offended their Jewish heritage -- so the execution was scheduled before sunset.) Reports of the execution state that Julius died after the first application of electricity, but Ethel did not succumb immediately and was subjected to two more electrical charges before being pronounced dead. The chair was designed for a man of average size; and Ethel Rosenberg was a petite woman: this discrepancy resulted, it is claimed, in the electrodes fitting poorly and making poor electrical contact. Eyewitness testimony (as given by a newsreel report featured in The Atomic Cafe) describes smoke rising from her head.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are interred at Wellwood Cemetery in Pinelawn (Suffolk County), New York.
[edit] Posthumous revelations
In 1995, the National Security Agency publicly released documents from the VENONA project, an effort to decrypt intercepted communications between Soviet agents and the NKVD/KGB. A 1944 cable from New York to Moscow clearly indicates that Julius Rosenberg was engaged in espionage for the Soviet Union, though the importance of his effort is not clear, particularly considering that the Soviets were receiving information on the Atomic bomb from Klaus Fuchs, Donald Maclean and Theodore Hall. Ethel's involvement is not clear from the VENONA transcripts. A document from November 27, 1944 [2] specifically about Ethel lists her as a "fellowcountryman" and claims that she was aware of Julius' work. Ethel was apparently never assigned a code name — the only reference to her states she "does not work." Julius was always referred to as "ANTENNA" or "LIBERAL" — which has cast doubt onto his significance and involvement. In his memoirs, published posthumously in 1990, Nikita Khrushchev praised the pair for their "very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb." Whether this was in fact the case, however, has been disputed [6]
Faced with the VENONA transcripts and periodic revelations from former Soviet intelligence officials and archives, most critiques of the Rosenbergs' prosecution today centers on the usefulness of classified nuclear information provided by the Rosenbergs to the Soviet Union, the severity of their punishment, and the fact that not all Soviet spies were caught, and not all who were caught were prosecuted by the U.S. government. David Greenglass claimed that the atom bomb information believed to be given to the Soviets by Greenglass was quite poor in comparison to the information given by Fuchs, who had a much more intimate understanding of the research being done (revealed by records of Fuchs' detailed transmissions in selective releases from Soviet archives). There was also significant information provided independently of Fuchs by the young scientist Theodore Alvin Hall, as well as a number of other agents, the identities of whom have not yet been fully established.
Fuchs's data were the most valuable of all the Soviet atomic spies, giving a range of specific information on everything from nuclear physics details, production of the plants for uranium enrichment, and the exact values for the bomb design itself.[7] However, it was standard Soviet intelligence policy to use several intelligence sources if at all possible, as any information the Rosenbergs provided could serve as a control to check the accuracy of other intelligence.[1]
David Greenglass was spared execution in exchange for his testimony. More importantly, his wife, who according to the Venona decrypts was given a code name, was never even indicted. He spent 10 years in prison and was released in 1960, and has lived under an assumed name since his release. Decades later, in late 2001, Greenglass recanted and claimed that he had committed perjury when he testified about the typing activity of his sister Ethel. Greenglass said he chose to falsely testify against his sister in order to protect his wife and children.
[edit] Controversy
The Rosenberg case has always been a controversial issue, with opinion dividing along ideological lines. There are a number of points of contention which still hold, even after the VENONA revelations.
Ethel Rosenberg’s Involvement: While the preponderance of evidence indicates that Julius was involved in Soviet espionage, the record is unclear for Ethel. The VENONA transcripts are ambiguous as to Ethel's involvement, and her brother, David Greenglass, a key prosecution witness, later told his biographer Sam Roberts that he had perjured himself to lessen his own sentence and to help his wife avoid jail time. [3]
The Trial: There are many experts who have alleged that the political air of the time, and the seemingly pre-trial held beliefs by Judge Kaufman made it nearly impossible for the Rosenbergs to have had a fair trial by an impartial jury. The Rosenberg lawyer, Emanuel Bloch, also made a number of massive legal blunders (such as moving to impound Exhibit 8--a Greenglass sketch purporting to show a cross section of the implosion-type atom bomb, thereby in effect acquiescing in the prosecution's charge that the sketch was in fact the "secret of the atom bomb" and also not cross-examining Harry Gold, who in later trials was found to be highly unreliable) suggesting either his incompetence or inability to cope with such a high-profile trial. Also, prosecutor Roy Cohn influenced the choice of Kaufman as judge.
The Sentence: The imposition of the death sentence upon the Rosenbergs has been the most controversial aspect of the case, as they were sentenced far more harshly than any other "atomic spies." Klaus Fuchs, who spied for many more years than the Rosenbergs, provided far more sensitive nuclear information to the Soviet Union, and was caught, confessed, tried, convicted, and sentenced in the United Kingdom, received 14 years in jail, which was the maximum penalty in that nation for passing military secrets to friendly nations. In 1950 the Rosenbergs' conspiracy charge was prosecuted in the United States in the context of the Cold War and the concurrent Korean War, with Judge Kaufman placing culpability on the couple for the Korean War. It is not clear that the prosecution proved that the Rosenbergs' activities had caused the Korean War, even if they had given the Soviet Union the secret of the atomic bomb.
[edit] The Rosenbergs' children
The Rosenbergs' two sons, Robert and Michael, were orphaned by the execution, and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse. They were finally adopted by the songwriter Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne. Abel Meeropol (under the pen name of Lewis Allan) wrote the classic anti-lynching anthem "Strange Fruit," made famous by singer Billie Holiday. He also co-wrote (with Earl Robinson) "The House I Live In", made famous in a short film starring Frank Sinatra to promote the war effort under a theme of tolerance for all types of Americans. (This song has a line referring to "My neighbors white and black" which was omitted from the film and Frank Sinatra's recorded versions. In the film all the characters, even the members of Sinatra's band are white.) Robert and Michael co-wrote a book about the experience, We are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975), and Robert wrote another book in 2004, An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey. In 1990, Robert founded the Rosenberg Fund for Children, a non-profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are Leftist activists involved in court cases.
Michael's daughter, Ivy Meeropol, directed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival.
[edit] Notes
^ a b c d Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostin, Sergei (2001). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs. Enigma books. ISBN 1-929631-08-1.
^ Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostin, Sergei (2001). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs. Enigma books, 140-147. ISBN 1-929631-08-1.
^ See Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstell, Bombshell, Times Books, 1997 (ISBN 0-8129-2861-X) with reference to Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax and their motives.
^ Roberts, Sam (2001). The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberge Case. Random House, 425-426,432. ISBN 0-375-76124-1.
^ Judge Kaufman's Statement Upon Sentencing the Rosenbergs on the site of the University of Kansas City-Missouri School of Law. Accessed 28 September 2006.
^ "KGB agent says Rosenbergs were executed unjustly", 1997-03-06. Retrieved on 2006-09-25.
^ The content and value of Fuchs's data for the Soviet program is discussed thoroughly in David Holloway's, Stalin and the bomb : the Soviet Union and atomic energy, 1939- 1956 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). Holloway based his assessment of the value of Fuchs's data in particular from the intelligence transcripts and the reactions of key Soviet personnel—especially Igor Kurchatov—to Fuchs' data. The exact use of espionage information by the Soviets was somewhat complicated, due to mutual distrust of the espionage data and the Soviet scientists themselves by Stalin and Beria: see Soviet atomic bomb project for more information.
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Rosenberg trialSoviet atomic bomb project
Lee Harvey Oswald; the Rosenbergs' case is thought to have spurred his interest in Marxism [4]
Atom Spies
Cultural references to the Rosenbergs
[edit] Further reading
Feklisov, Aleksandr, and Kostin, Sergei, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs, Enigma Books (2001)
Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth, Henry Holt (1983), hardcover, ISBN 0-03-049036-7
Robert and Michael Meeropol, "We Are Your Sons, The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenber," Second Edition, University of Illinois Press, 1986. [chapter 15 is a detailed refutation of Radosh and Milton's scholarship], hardcover ISBN 0-252-01263-1
Robert Meeropol, "An Execution in the Family," St. Martin's Press, 2003.
Tema Nason, Ethel: The Fictional Autobiography of Ethel Rosenberg (originally published by Delacourt, 1990, ISBN 0-440-21110-7, paperback by Dell, 1991, same ISBN, and by Syracuse, 2002, ISBN 0-8156-0745-8), a fictional account of Ethel's life and intuitively included things that came out in later accounts.
[edit] External links
Photo of Ethel Rosenberg's grave
Photo of Julius Rosenberg's grave
Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial.
Ethel's brother says he trumped up evidence.
Project Venona messages.
Rosenberg FBI files (summary only)
Heir to an Execution — An HBO documentary by Ivy Meeropol, the granddaugther of Ethel and Julius.
A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration
An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption
Mujeres Riot: Ethel Rosenberg (in Spanish, includes numerous photos)
National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case
Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_and...
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Soviet spies | Cold War spies | History of anti-communism in the United States | Nuclear secrecy | McCarthyism | Venona Appendix A | American criminals | Disputed convictions leading to execution | Sing Sing prison | City University of New York people | Jewish American history | Married couples | People executed by electric chair | Executed spies | 1915 births | 1918 births | 1953 deaths | People from New York City | People executed in the US
More on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
Gosh, got any more on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
Reply:And your question is?
They betrayed their country, proved. They gave away secrets, proved. They committed treason, proved. They were executed as traitors. So what is the problem?
Reply:It appears that you have all that you need to know.
Reply:A sphincter says, "What?"
If you got into a fight with Ron Weasly, would you...?
a. be afraid to have a spell cast on you that you couldn't counter?
b. be afraid that Hermoine would come to his rescue and whoop your behind?
c. wipe the floor with the wimp cause that kid is the biggest loser?
If you got into a fight with Ron Weasly, would you...?
I have to go with C. Lets see the flags down on me people; I'm ready.
Reply:B. Hermione kicks butt! lol
Reply:B
Reply:b
Reply:B. that chick is crazy.
Reply:heck no, man, It would be a tie because we are both natural redheads and you know what they say about redheads, temper temper. LOL, JK......
nah, Id be more afraid of his wife to be, she's dangerous. :P
Reply:d. i would make out with him, lol, he's way cute, cuter than harry, by far!!!!
b. be afraid that Hermoine would come to his rescue and whoop your behind?
c. wipe the floor with the wimp cause that kid is the biggest loser?
If you got into a fight with Ron Weasly, would you...?
I have to go with C. Lets see the flags down on me people; I'm ready.
Reply:B. Hermione kicks butt! lol
Reply:B
Reply:b
Reply:B. that chick is crazy.
Reply:heck no, man, It would be a tie because we are both natural redheads and you know what they say about redheads, temper temper. LOL, JK......
nah, Id be more afraid of his wife to be, she's dangerous. :P
Reply:d. i would make out with him, lol, he's way cute, cuter than harry, by far!!!!
Once upon a time in a land far away?
a frog hopped on to a princess's lap and said "Elegant Lady I was once a handsome prince and an evil witch cast a spell on me, One kiss from you and i will turn back into the dapper prince i once was and then my sweet we can marry and set up house keeping with my Mother in your Castle where you can satisfy my needs, prepare and serve my meals, clean my clothes, bear my children and be forever greatful and happy doing so,
That night as the Princess dined sumptuously on lightly sauteed frogs legs
seasoned in a white wine and onion cream sauce she chuckled and thought to herself
I dont F.U.K.C.I.N.G think so
Once upon a time in a land far away?
Was she satisfied by the frog ?
Reply:LOL !!! very funny Report It
Reply:One simple warning sig should come with the Princess:
"This ********* bites!"
garden sheds
That night as the Princess dined sumptuously on lightly sauteed frogs legs
seasoned in a white wine and onion cream sauce she chuckled and thought to herself
I dont F.U.K.C.I.N.G think so
Once upon a time in a land far away?
Was she satisfied by the frog ?
Reply:LOL !!! very funny Report It
Reply:One simple warning sig should come with the Princess:
"This ********* bites!"
garden sheds
Jennifer Hudson to play Billie Holiday in Film??????
The director who cast Diana Ross as Billie Holiday is considering doing a remake of this film to provide audiences with a holistic picture of this amazing woman. (He wants to deal the sensitive matters of her personal life, her being misused and raped by her manager and her issues with bisexuality).
I thought that Diana did a "decent" job with Billie Holiday although they look and sound nothing alike. (Diana was placed in that leading role b/c of her mega-star status in the 70's)
My QUESTION FOR YOU:
1. We all know that Jen won an Oscar for her role as Effie in Dream Girls, but do you think she is ready to take on a COMPLEX character like Billie Holiday.
2. Besides the fact that both women are "thick" they look nothing alike and sound nothing alike. Jenn's style is gospel and Billie's style is more of an eclectic jazz sound. In my view Billie's closest "vocal" match would be Anita Baker, Roberta Flack, India Ire, Eryka Badou or Jill Scott!!
What are your thoughts???
Jennifer Hudson to play Billie Holiday in Film??????
You make some awesome points. I think Jen's a great actress, but her and Billie aren't even comparable musically/lookwise. Maybe she'll brow me away, I think she's cool, but totally different from Holiday.
I would love to see a more true to life story of Billie, I sure hope those folks know what they're gettin into.
Reply:Diana Ross has aready played Billie Hoilday; so let be. By the way that was a good movie.
Reply:Jennifer is a great actress she was able to set the world on fire with her performance in Dream Girls. I personally think she is ready for this part this gives herself the chance to prove that she is not just rnb but she is jazz to and that she can do it. Yes, it is true that her and Billie look nothing alike but Diana Ross really didn't favor Billie either, Billie looked way, way, way better than Diana so why couldn't Jennifer do it. She has already shown what she is capable of.
Reply:The artist who sounds more like Billie Holiday would be Chrisette Michele. Listen to her CD I Am. She also could play her in a movie. I hope she gets an opportunity to audition.
I thought that Diana did a "decent" job with Billie Holiday although they look and sound nothing alike. (Diana was placed in that leading role b/c of her mega-star status in the 70's)
My QUESTION FOR YOU:
1. We all know that Jen won an Oscar for her role as Effie in Dream Girls, but do you think she is ready to take on a COMPLEX character like Billie Holiday.
2. Besides the fact that both women are "thick" they look nothing alike and sound nothing alike. Jenn's style is gospel and Billie's style is more of an eclectic jazz sound. In my view Billie's closest "vocal" match would be Anita Baker, Roberta Flack, India Ire, Eryka Badou or Jill Scott!!
What are your thoughts???
Jennifer Hudson to play Billie Holiday in Film??????
You make some awesome points. I think Jen's a great actress, but her and Billie aren't even comparable musically/lookwise. Maybe she'll brow me away, I think she's cool, but totally different from Holiday.
I would love to see a more true to life story of Billie, I sure hope those folks know what they're gettin into.
Reply:Diana Ross has aready played Billie Hoilday; so let be. By the way that was a good movie.
Reply:Jennifer is a great actress she was able to set the world on fire with her performance in Dream Girls. I personally think she is ready for this part this gives herself the chance to prove that she is not just rnb but she is jazz to and that she can do it. Yes, it is true that her and Billie look nothing alike but Diana Ross really didn't favor Billie either, Billie looked way, way, way better than Diana so why couldn't Jennifer do it. She has already shown what she is capable of.
Reply:The artist who sounds more like Billie Holiday would be Chrisette Michele. Listen to her CD I Am. She also could play her in a movie. I hope she gets an opportunity to audition.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)